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As interest in unearthing alternative energy sources grows, the technique of converting municipal solid waste into electricity is getting another look and, in some cases, a 21st century makeover.
Start-up Ze-gen is in the process of securing $4.5 million in financing from venture capital firm Flagship Ventures, according to Ze-gen CEO Bill Davis. The money will be used to operate a pilot waste-to-energy facility in New Bedford, Mass., and to fund other projects. The facility is expected to be completed this month.
Using municipal waste to produce energy or reduce pollution is not an unusual practice. Landfill operators siphon off methane gas that is given off by decomposing organic trash. Incinerators burn garbage to produce steam that turns a turbine that makes electricity.
Ze-gen's plant, currently under construction, is an attempt to demonstrate that different technologies--in this case gasification--can be used to convert waste to energy in a cost-effective and less polluting way.
"Even if you don't care about the environmental considerations and just look at it from an economic standpoint, there is a lot of economic potential put into the ground which could be put to use," Davis said.
Davis is one of a wave of entrepreneurs trying to build commercial-scale alternative energy systems. And many entrepreneurs and investors, motivated by concerns about energy security and environmental sustainability, are revisiting old power-generation ideas, including waste-to-energy.
Davis calculates that the 300 million tons of municipal solid waste produced in the U.S. each year could generate tens of thousands of megawatts of power, worth $28 billion.
The process Ze-gen is testing is cleaner than incinerating trash and avoids the production of methane--a potent greenhouse gas--from landfills, said Jim Matheson, a general partner at Flagship Ventures.
"In all the hubbub about energy, clean tech and sustainability more broadly, we think waste has been overlooked both from the dimension of the energy value of the waste and the environmental impact," Matheson said.
Waste-to-energy technologies can be particularly compelling in places like New England and other metropolitan areas that generate a lot of trash, don't have the space for landfills, and have a high energy demand.
Waste not, want not
Ze-gen's New Bedford facility is designed to handle a specific kind of waste stream--the debris from construction and demolition sites, rather than household waste--which will bring in a more uniform input.
Rather than burn the construction debris, which looks like wood mulch once it's processed, it will pass through molten metal at a very high temperature. This gasification process chemically changes the trash to synthetic gas, or syngas, a combination of mostly carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
"We extrude it through a large mechanical feeder with a hydraulic feeder mechanism. Just imagine a tube of toothpaste, pushing a continuous stream below the surface of the (molten metal) bath," Davis explained.
Once captured, the syngas can be burned to power a steam turbine to make electricity. The facility will be able to process 10 to 50 tons of construction debris per day. Initially, the debris will be burned off rather than converted to electricity as the efficiency of the system is tested.
But a facility like this one has the potential to gasify 450 tons of waste and generate 30 megawatts of electricity a day--enough power for roughly 10,000 households--in addition to the 8 megawatts needed to run the plant itself.
There are now 89 waste-to-energy facilities in United States that burn landfill trash to produce power. In total, they create 2,700 megawatts of electricity, enough to power about 2.3 million homes, according to Lori Scozzafava, deputy executive director of the Solid Waste Association of North America. Three more facilities are now being considered, although no gasification plants are operating on a commercial scale, she said.
"There is growing interest in waste-to-energy because of the need for renewable energy, which it is, and because it's sustainable and it's indigenous," Scozzafava said. "It allows waste to be managed closer to where it's produced."
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Also, how does this lower the carbon foot print. The same amount of carbon in the waste goes into the gas which gets burned and goes into the air, so how is this cleaner that simply burning the waste?
They claim the gasification process is cleaner because you're not creating a lot of carbon dioxide as you would if you just burned the trash. Of course, this type of plant also calls for burning the synthetic gas post gasification to make electricity. But the CEO and prospective investor told me that entire process is cleaner than just incineration.
1. It's possible that this process is more efficient than simple incineration. They're saying that they can produce 38MW of electricity for every 8MW used in the process, which is pretty good. I would guess that standard incinerators are less efficient, though I have no numbers.
2. The gas being burnt is syngas, which burns very cleanly and produces only CO2 as an output. While CO2 gets all the attention for carbon footprints, it's actually not a very strong greenhouse gas as compared to many others. Of particular interest would be methane, that has a solar forcing factor 21 times higher than that of CO2. Burning 1 methane molecule in air to make 1 CO2 molecule (plus 2 H2O) means you've reduced your "carbon foot print" to 1/21 of what it was, even though you still have the same number of carbon molecules.
Probably more important in my mind though is that this process should result in very little air pollution. The big problem with incinerators is not the carbon dioxide they spew but rather the other stuff, like NOx, SOx, carbon monoxide and particulate matter. By gasifying the waste and then burning the syngas you should (at least in theory) have most of your pollutants separated out as solid waste (ash) while the stuff coming out of your smoke stack will be mostly non-polluting CO2 and H2O.
Of course, how well this all works in practice remains to be seen. Also this should in no way supplant the basic reduce, reuse and recycle principles which are almost always much more efficient.
(where I live) in 2004:
www.honolulu.gov/refs/csd/publiccom/honnews04/
plasmaarcrecommendations.htm
consumed to make the molten metal bath and on the contents
of the plant's exhaust and any ungassified waste stream, we
really won't know if it is cleaner. A lot of energy goes into
gassification, so you may not have that much power to sell
because you are using part of the power generated to heat the
molten metal. If you end up with emmisions and minimal power
for sale, it could wind up worse than a high temperature burn
with good furnace air flow control and lots of exhaust scrubbers.
Let's wait for the numbers to come in before we say this is
cleaner and better.
Metal that tried this and failed?
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http://lists.envirolink.org/pipermail/ar-news/Week-of-Mon-20030804/004435.html